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Wastewater Disinfection Example

Textbook

The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the…

Feedforward with Dynamic Compensation

Textbook

As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability…

Formulae for Common Chemical Compounds

Textbook

Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than…

Safety Instrumented Functions and Systems

Textbook

A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components…

Basic Feedback Control Principles

Textbook

Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on…

Energy in Chemical Reactions

Textbook

A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called…

Chemical Reactor Temperature Control Example

Textbook

Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in…

Atomic Theory and Chemical Symbols

Textbook

The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all…

Analytical Measurements of Chemical Compositions

Textbook

A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly…

Safety Gas Analyzers

Textbook

Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for…

Colorimetric and Potentiometric pH Measurement

Textbook

pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid…

Transfer Function Analysis

Textbook

An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer…

Phasors, Phase Shift and Phasor Algebra

Textbook

Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit…

Atomic Theory and Chemical Symbols

Textbook

The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all…

Ions in Liquid Solutions

Textbook

Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent…

Calibration Standards to Produce and Measure Physical Quantities

Textbook

As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and…

Applications of Spectroscopy for Analytical Measurement

Textbook

Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental…

What are Simple Machines?

Textbook

A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to…

Introduction to Protective Relaying

Textbook

Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial…

National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Traceability

Textbook

As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment…

Pressure-based Flowmeters

Textbook

All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in…

Molecular Quantities

Textbook

Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One…

Classical Mechanics

Textbook

Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of…

FOUNDATION Fieldbus Function Blocks

Textbook

Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function…

VSD and VFD Motor Drive Features

Textbook

Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using…

Radiation Level Measurement

Textbook

Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of…

What is Electrical Power?

Textbook

Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to…

Troubleshooting Current Loops

Textbook

A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is…

Relation Control

Textbook

A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This…

Transmitter Damping Adjustments

Textbook

The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and…

Scientific System diagnosis and Scientific Reasoning

Textbook

At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to…

Difference Between Calibration and Re-ranging

Textbook

What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and…

Ladder Diagram (LD) Structure Commands

Textbook

The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and…

Thermistors and Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTDs)

Textbook

One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where…

Auxiliary and Lockout (86) Relays

Textbook

An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for…

EIA/TIA-232, 422, and 485 Networks

Textbook

Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in…

Logic Programming in PLCs

Textbook

Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard…

Understanding Electrical Power Grids

Textbook

The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment…

Ratio Control

Textbook

Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of…

How to Teach Yourself PLC Programming

Textbook

Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job…

How Derivatives and Integrals Relate to One Another

Textbook

First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and…

Thermocouple Types, Junctions, Connector and Tip Styles

Textbook

RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the…

Process and Instrument Diagrams

Textbook

The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or…

Vibration Monitoring Hardware

Textbook

The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater…

Process Flow Diagrams

Textbook

To show a practical process example, let’s examine three…

Assessing Student Learning

Textbook

As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere…

Problem-solving by Simplification

Textbook

A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the…

Physics and Chemistry Terminology and Definitions

Textbook

Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical…

True Mass Flowmeters

Textbook

Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow…

General Problem-solving Techniques

Textbook

A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for…

Sliding-stem Valves

Textbook

A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a…