pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid…
The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the…
Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on…
Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for…
A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly…
The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all…
A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called…
Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than…
Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in…
As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability…
A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components…
At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to…
Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control.…
The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down…
Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs…
In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is…
A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly…
An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a…
Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits…
While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions…
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to…
In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how…
A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of…
In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical…
Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than…
Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic…
DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process…
Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to…
As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety…
Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid…
A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct…
The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the…
The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to…
One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing…
One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring…
Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and…
Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for…
The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to…
Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic…
The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric…
Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise…
In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the…
To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to…
A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic…
In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how…
Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using…
Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems,…
Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in…
Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation…
Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which…
