The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all…
Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in…
pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid…
A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called…
A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly…
A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components…
Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than…
Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a…
The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the…
As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability…
Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for…
A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is…
A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This…
Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given…
Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess…
A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves…
Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function…
A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules…
Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern:…
In some process applications, it is important that the control valve…
Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent…
An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit…
Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on…
While the term “probability” may evoke images of…
Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a…
An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a…
Control valves are subject to a number of common problems. This…
Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the…
One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where…
To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary)…
The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration…
A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of…
A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading…
The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of…
While the term “probability” may evoke images of…
Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the…
Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related…
The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain…
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to…
Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One…
A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules…
While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions…
A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a…
A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a…
Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the…
The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC…
