Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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A flow switch is one that detects the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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A flow switch is one that detects the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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