The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all…
Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a…
A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly…
Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in…
A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called…
pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid…
Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for…
Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than…
A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components…
The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the…
As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability…
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the…
A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this:…
There are many process control applications in the industry where it…
A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only…
Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using…
Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation…
I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering…
A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called…
Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not…
Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which…
To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing…
A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the…
Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed…
Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to…
Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to…
Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and…
Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will…
Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function…
Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to…
The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater…
Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed…
A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the…
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within…
Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly…
An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an…
The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which…
The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater…
Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function…
In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how…
The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to…
Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation…
Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern:…
Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of…
Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the…
To show a practical process example, let’s examine three…
A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This…
Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on…
The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC…
Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive…
Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical…
