Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess…
pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid…
Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is…
A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors…
There are many process control applications in the industry where it…
Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly…
Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to…
Programmable logic controllers are built to input various signal types…
Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to…
Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of…
To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary)…
An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an…
A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a…
Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet)…
Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net…
All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in…
A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some…
Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with…
A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic…
A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this:…
Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long…
An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it…
Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function…
The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of…
The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass…
A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules…
Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry,…
A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only…
Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive…
The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment…
Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the…
Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent…
Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While…
The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult…
The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or…
A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of…
Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to…
Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice.…
Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one…
An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer…
