The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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In modern industry, the most popular form of field-level signal transmission for variable industrial…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Like many other mathematical operations, the derivative and the integral perform inverse operations from each…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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