A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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