A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called…
A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components…
pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid…
Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in…
As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability…
Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for…
The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all…
Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than…
Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a…
The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the…
A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly…
Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which…
PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief…
Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic…
As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the…
A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe.…
Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many…
The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain…
The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to…
The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the…
A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of…
A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a…
By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system,…
Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the…
Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the…
The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass…
Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit…
Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control.…
First and foremost, you need to get your very own PLC to work with.…
As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the…
Programmable logic controllers are built to input various signal types…
The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which…
Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which…
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within…
First and foremost, you need to get your very own PLC to work with.…
Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with…
The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC…
The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation…
So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and…
For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of…
pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid…
Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by…
Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of…
An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement…
Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive…
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a…
Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to…
An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973,…
A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe.…
To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing…
