pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid…
A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components…
Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a…
Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than…
The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all…
A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called…
A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly…
Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for…
Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in…
As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability…
The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the…
A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe.…
A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure.…
Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One…
The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass…
Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which…
The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of…
Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical…
Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of…
Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function…
A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the…
The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater…
The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to…
One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying…
Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will…
Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation…
The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force…
In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus…
A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components…
Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those…
Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits.…
A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components…
PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief…
Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square…
As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety…
A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is…
Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given…
The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of…
Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not…
Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with…
A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic…
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch…
Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to…
Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many…
Control valves are subject to a number of common problems. This…
An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement…
Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types:…
Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a…
The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here,…
