The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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In modern industry, the most popular form of field-level signal transmission for variable industrial…
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A flow switch is one that detects the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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