The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the…
As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability…
Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than…
A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components…
Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on…
A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called…
Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in…
The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all…
A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly…
Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for…
pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid…
An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer…
Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit…
The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all…
Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent…
As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and…
Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental…
A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to…
Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial…
As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment…
All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in…
Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One…
Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of…
Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function…
Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using…
Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of…
Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to…
A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is…
A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This…
The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and…
At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to…
What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and…
The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and…
One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where…
An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for…
Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in…
Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard…
The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment…
Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of…
Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job…
First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and…
RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the…
The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or…
The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater…
To show a practical process example, let’s examine three…
As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere…
A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the…
Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical…
Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow…
A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for…
A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a…