Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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