Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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