pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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