DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
Textbook
Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
Textbook
An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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In our first signal characterization example, we tackle the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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In modern industry, the most popular form of field-level signal transmission for variable industrial…
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