Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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