Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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In our first signal characterization example, we tackle the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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