Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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