There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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