pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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