Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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In modern industry, the most popular form of field-level signal transmission for variable industrial…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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