One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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