An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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