In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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