An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Calculus. Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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