RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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