In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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