Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Like many other mathematical operations, the derivative and the integral perform inverse operations from each…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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In our first signal characterization example, we tackle the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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A flow switch is one that detects the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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