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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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