A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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