An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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