Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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