Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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