Bi-metal Temperature Sensors

Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…

---

Textbook

Techniques for Analyzing Control Strategies

Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…

---

Textbook

How Derivatives and Integrals Relate to One Another

Like many other mathematical operations, the derivative and the integral perform inverse operations from each…

---

Textbook

Stoichiometry and the Law of Mass Conservation

Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…

---

Textbook

DC Motor Speed Control

DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…

---

Textbook

National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Traceability

As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…

---

Textbook

FOUNDATION Fieldbus H1 Protocol Physical Layer

Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…

---

Textbook

Cascade Control

A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…

---

Textbook

Digital Multimeter (DMM) Tips and Tricks

The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…

---

Textbook

Heuristic PID Tuning Procedures

In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…

---

Textbook

Error Corrections

Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…

---

Textbook

Legal Code

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…

---

Textbook

Unit Conversions and Physical Constants

Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…

---

Textbook

Vibration Monitoring Hardware

The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…

---

Textbook

WirelessHART Radio Communication Standard

An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…

---

Textbook

Rotating Magnetic Fields in Three-phase AC Induction Motors

The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…

---

Textbook

Interconnected Generators

Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…

---

Textbook

Using Manometers for Measuring Pressure

A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…

---

Textbook

Basic Components Common to all Radio Systems

“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…

---

Textbook

Temperature Switches

A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…

---

Textbook

Chemical Reactor Temperature Control Example

Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…

---

Textbook