Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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