Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will…
The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force…
Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for…
The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down…
A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe.…
The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation…
Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern:…
DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic…
An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for…
The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and…
The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to…
A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids…
Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject…
Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to…
Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control.…
The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which…
Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental…
Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using…
The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and…
The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in…
As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment…
