Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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