Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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