Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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