Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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Like many other mathematical operations, the derivative and the integral perform inverse operations from each…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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