Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Like many other mathematical operations, the derivative and the integral perform inverse operations from each…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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