The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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