The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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