Latest Batch and Processes Education

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Safety Gas Analyzers

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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for…

Colorimetric and Potentiometric pH Measurement

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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid…

Feedforward with Dynamic Compensation

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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability…

Energy in Chemical Reactions

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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called…

Wastewater Disinfection Example

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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the…

Basic Feedback Control Principles

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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on…

Safety Instrumented Functions and Systems

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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components…

Atomic Theory and Chemical Symbols

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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all…

Formulae for Common Chemical Compounds

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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than…

Chemical Reactor Temperature Control Example

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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in…

Analytical Measurements of Chemical Compositions

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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly…

Practical Measures of Reliability

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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the…

Temperature Switches

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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some…

AC Motor Speed Control

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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic…

PID Control Terminology

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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief…

Differential (87) Current Protection

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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s…

Relay Circuits and Ladder Diagrams

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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic…

Electrical Sensors: Potential Transformers (PTs) and Current Transformers (CTs)

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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the…

Circuit Failure Analysis

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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess…

Valve Seat Leakage

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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve…

Dispersive Spectroscopy

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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all…

“Normal” status of a Process Switch

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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the…

Dampers and Louvres

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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control…

High-reliability Control Systems

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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety…

What is Internet Protocol (IP)?

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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering…

Troubleshooting Current Loops

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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is…

Interconnected Generators

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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation…

Safety Instrumented Functions and Systems

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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components…

Dimensional Analysis

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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit…

Periodic Table of the Elements

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All substances are comprised of various elements in various…

Instrument Turndown (Rangedown)

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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is…