pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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