Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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