Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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