Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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