The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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In modern industry, the most popular form of field-level signal transmission for variable industrial…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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