The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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