Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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In modern industry, the most popular form of field-level signal transmission for variable industrial…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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