An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for…
Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate…
Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic…
Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard…
There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal…
There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction…
Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task…
Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here,…
Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits…
A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change…
The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position…
Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is…
In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have…
The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and…
Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate,…
Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of…
Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the…
The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in…
Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all…
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within…
A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART,…
“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy…
There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal…
The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration…
A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass…
To show a practical process example, let’s examine three…
DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic…
Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function…
A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves…
Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many…
To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to…
Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad…
A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the…
The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical…
One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s…
Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will…
An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a…
An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement…
A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a…
A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids…
