Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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