The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Calculus. Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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