All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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