There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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