Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Calculus. Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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