All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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