Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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In modern industry, the most popular form of field-level signal transmission for variable industrial…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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