Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
Textbook
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
Textbook
There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
Textbook
Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
Textbook
A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
Textbook
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
Textbook
All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
Textbook
An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
Textbook
Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
Textbook
Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
Textbook
The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
Textbook
Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
Textbook
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
Textbook
A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
Textbook
Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
Textbook
An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
Textbook
In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
Textbook
The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
Textbook
Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
Textbook
Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
Textbook
The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
Textbook
Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
Textbook
DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
Textbook
Textbook
Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
Textbook
Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
Textbook
Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
Textbook
Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
Textbook
The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
Textbook
A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
Textbook
One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
Textbook
Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
Textbook
A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
Textbook
Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
Textbook
A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
Textbook
Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
Textbook
A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
Textbook
Calculus. Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical…
Textbook
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
Textbook
Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin