The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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