The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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