A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Like many other mathematical operations, the derivative and the integral perform inverse operations from each…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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