Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
Textbook
A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
Textbook
Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
Textbook
Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
Textbook
As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
Textbook
While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
Textbook
The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
Textbook
Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
Textbook
As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
Textbook
As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
Textbook
Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
Textbook
The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
Textbook
One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
Textbook
When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
Textbook
While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
Textbook
“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
Textbook
“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
Textbook
Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
Textbook
As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
Textbook
Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
Textbook
Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
Textbook
There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
Textbook
Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
Textbook
Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
Textbook
A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
Textbook
A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
Textbook
Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
Textbook
A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
Textbook
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
Textbook
Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
Textbook
The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
Textbook
Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
Textbook
Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
Textbook
Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
Textbook
PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
Textbook
Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
Textbook
Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
Textbook
A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
Textbook
Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
Textbook
The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin