Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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