Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than…
Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either…
Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess…
Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is…
When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they…
Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which…
Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the…
In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is…
Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job…
The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC…
There are many process control applications in the industry where it…
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the…
As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the…
Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop…
Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit…
As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the…
Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and…
Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one…
A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to…
The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration…
Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either…
At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols…
Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the…
Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam…
“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate…
Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle…
Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid…
Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than…
Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal…
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
While the term “probability” may evoke images of…
Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level…
A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components…
The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down…
As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the…
Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess…
Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified…
The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to…
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a…
Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to…
