Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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