The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
Textbook
In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
Textbook
Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
Textbook
In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
Textbook
Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
Textbook
Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
Textbook
Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
Textbook
At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
Textbook
Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
Textbook
A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
Textbook
Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
Textbook
A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
Textbook
In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
Textbook
A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
Textbook
In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
Textbook
Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
Textbook
A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
Textbook
Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
Textbook
Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
Textbook
Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
Textbook
A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
Textbook
The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
Textbook
Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
Textbook
When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin