Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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