In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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