In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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