In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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In our first signal characterization example, we tackle the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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