Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control.…
In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do…
The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to…
In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation…
Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will…
It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity…
A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the…
The advent of “smart” field instruments containing…
Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task…
At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols…
A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract…
Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is…
Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level…
An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement…
Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit…
Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of…
The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment…
A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass…
Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I…
Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard…
Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow…
Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and…
Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with…
Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than…
