Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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Calculus. Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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