Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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