The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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In modern industry, the most popular form of field-level signal transmission for variable industrial…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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