The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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In our first signal characterization example, we tackle the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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