To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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