These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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In modern industry, the most popular form of field-level signal transmission for variable industrial…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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