Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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