One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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In modern industry, the most popular form of field-level signal transmission for variable industrial…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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In our first signal characterization example, we tackle the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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