The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position…
Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and…
Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a…
One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring…
Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical…
Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive…
Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for…
A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic…
The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial…
A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control…
Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all…
Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than…
A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of…
Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than…
The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and…
Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern:…
A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct…
Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in…
Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function…
Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits…
“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy…
The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult…
Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types:…
Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for…
Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating…
An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement…
The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation…
The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all…
This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but…
Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long…
When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the…
While the term “probability” may evoke images of…
DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process…
Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the…
The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and…
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using…
Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require…
Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the…
Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one…
