The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of…
Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require…
An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it…
The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional…
Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise…
The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the…
The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC…
Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for…
Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits.…
Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe.…
In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus…
In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates…
A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of…
A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe.…
As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere…
An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a…
Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly…
Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and…
Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to…
Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One…
The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or…
Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating…
Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation…
The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid…
Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types:…
There are many process control applications in the industry where it…
One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are…
Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level…
The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to…
Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial…
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By…
Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the…
A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some…
The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater…
Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is…
The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which…
A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this:…
Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental…
An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973,…
