“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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