“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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