“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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