“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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A flow switch is one that detects the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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