“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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