“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
Textbook
There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
Textbook
The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
Textbook
Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
Textbook
Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
Textbook
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Textbook
Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
Textbook
The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
Textbook
Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
Textbook
All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
Textbook
Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
Textbook
An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
Textbook
An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
Textbook
Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
Textbook
Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
Textbook
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
Textbook
In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
Textbook
All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
Textbook
Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
Textbook
The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
Textbook
A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
Textbook