“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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