“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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Calculus. Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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