“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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