“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Calculus. Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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