RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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