RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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