Thermocouple Types, Junctions, Connector and Tip Styles

RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…

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4-wire (“self-powered”) Transmitter Current Loops

DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…

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Thermistors and Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTDs)

One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…

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Standardized Volumetric Flow

The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…

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Glossary of Cyber-security Terms

Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…

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Classical Mechanics

Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…

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Pressure Sensor Accessories

Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…

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Conservation Laws

The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…

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Molecular Quantities

Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…

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Numerical Differentiation

As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…

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Radiative Temperature Measurement

Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…

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Digital PID Controllers

The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…

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Understanding the Calculus Concepts of Differentiation and Integration

The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…

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Differential (87) Current Protection

One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…

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Function Block Diagram (FBD) Programming

(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)

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P, I, and D Responses Graphed

Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…

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Electrical Resistance and Ohm’s Law

To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…

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Proportional-only Offset

A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…

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FOUNDATION Fieldbus Design Philosophy

To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…

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Thermocouple Types, Junctions, Connector and Tip Styles

RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…

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Disassembling a Globe Valve

The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…

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