Thermocouple Types, Junctions, Connector and Tip Styles

RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…

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Logic Programming in PLCs

Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…

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P, I, and D Responses Graphed

Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…

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The Difference Between Series and Parallel Circuits

In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…

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Transmitter Damping Adjustments

The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…

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Transfer Function Analysis

An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…

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Digital Data Communication Theory

One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…

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Sliding-stem Valves

A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…

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Tube and Tube Fittings

Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…

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Numerical Integration

As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…

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Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…

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Weighfeeders

A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…

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Variable-area Flowmeters

An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…

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Metric Prefixes and Prefix Scale

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Function Block Diagram (FBD) Programming

(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)

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A Comparison of PID Controller Tuning Techniques

In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…

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Transformer Basics and Principles of Operation

The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…

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Basics of pH Measurement in Industrial Control

Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…

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Thermocouple Types, Junctions, Connector and Tip Styles

RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…

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Safety Gas Analyzers

Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…

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Analog to Digital Conversion and ADCs

In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…

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