RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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