RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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Like many other mathematical operations, the derivative and the integral perform inverse operations from each…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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