RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
Textbook
As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
Textbook
Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
Textbook
Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
Textbook
Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
Textbook
A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
Textbook
Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
Textbook
In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
Textbook
This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
Textbook
A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
Textbook
The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
Textbook
In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
Textbook
Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
Textbook
Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
Textbook
Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
Textbook
Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
Textbook
The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
Textbook
Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
Textbook
Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
Textbook
For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
Textbook
A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin