RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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