In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have…
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a…
Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a…
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the…
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within…
The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC…
By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system,…
A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is…
Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial…
Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and…
One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s…
Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits.…
While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions…
Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate…
The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment…
Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to…
Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed…
“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate…
Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial…
Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with…
Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow…
Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position…
It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity…
Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of…
An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer…
A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to…
The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all…
A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules…
Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job…
An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973,…
A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of…
An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement…
In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates…
An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit…
Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as…
Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than…
Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task…
A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored…
All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in…
A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any…
Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to…
Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid…
In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical…
Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the…
Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either…
Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will…
Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job…
Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than…
Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function…
For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of…
Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first…
Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly…
Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one…
Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition…
Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and…
In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have…
