In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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In modern industry, the most popular form of field-level signal transmission for variable industrial…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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