Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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In modern industry, the most popular form of field-level signal transmission for variable industrial…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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Learn about Modbus function codes, the structure of Modbus message packets, and the various types of channels used to transmit Modbus telegrams between controllers.
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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