In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have…
Potential transformers step voltage up or down to prioritize…
Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and…
Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a…
While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions…
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a…
By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system,…
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within…
Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits.…
Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate…
Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to…
One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s…
The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC…
Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial…
The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment…
Distance relaying is used to detect faults on long-distance lines,…
Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types:…
Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam…
To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary)…
There are many process control applications in the industry where it…
All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in…
Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the…
“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate…
A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called…
Potential transformers step voltage up or down to prioritize…
Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many…
Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related…
As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the…
A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of…
By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system,…
As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and…
In some process applications, it is important that the control valve…
Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical…
One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing…
Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control.…
Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors…
As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the…
The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which…
The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment…
First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and…
A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control…
There are many process control applications in the industry where it…
Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all…
This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph,…
The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and…
One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing…
As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability…
I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering…
Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for…
In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical…
As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and…
Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating…
Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those…
A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a…
As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment…
A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART,…
