“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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