Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
Textbook
In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
Textbook
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
Textbook
While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
Textbook
By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
Textbook
Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
Textbook
DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
Textbook
Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
Textbook
The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
Textbook
Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
Textbook
One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
Textbook
Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
Textbook
A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
Textbook
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
Textbook
The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
Textbook
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
Textbook
Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
Textbook
Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
Textbook
To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
Textbook
A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
Textbook
Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
Textbook
A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
Textbook
Like many other mathematical operations, the derivative and the integral perform inverse operations from each…
Textbook
In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
Textbook
When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
Textbook
To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
Textbook
Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
Textbook
An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
Textbook
Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
Textbook
Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
Textbook
DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
Textbook
There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
Textbook
Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
Textbook
Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
Textbook
The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
Textbook
“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
Textbook
For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
Textbook
Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
Textbook
Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
Textbook
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
Textbook
The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
Textbook
Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
Textbook
Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
Textbook
Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
Textbook
For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
Textbook
Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
Textbook
Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
Textbook
The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
Textbook
A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
Textbook
The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
Textbook
Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
Textbook
Like many other mathematical operations, the derivative and the integral perform inverse operations from each…
Textbook
A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
Textbook
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
Textbook
Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
Textbook
Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
Textbook
An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin