Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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