“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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Calculus. Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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