A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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