Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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