Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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