A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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