Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Like many other mathematical operations, the derivative and the integral perform inverse operations from each…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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