Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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