To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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