Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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Calculus. Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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