Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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