Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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