Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
Textbook
Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
Textbook
Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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In modern industry, the most popular form of field-level signal transmission for variable industrial…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A flow switch is one that detects the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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