Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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