Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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