Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
Textbook
Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
Textbook
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
Textbook
Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
Textbook
In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
Textbook
Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
Textbook
An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
Textbook
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
Textbook
Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
Textbook
The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
Textbook
An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
Textbook
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
Textbook
In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
Textbook
There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
Textbook
Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
Textbook
A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
Textbook
There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
Textbook
In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
Textbook
Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
Textbook
The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
Textbook
Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
Textbook
Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
Textbook
DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
Textbook
The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
Textbook
As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
Textbook
An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
Textbook
Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
Textbook
Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
Textbook
The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
Textbook
The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
Textbook
Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
Textbook
Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
Textbook
Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
Textbook
Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
Textbook
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Textbook
The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
Textbook
Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
Textbook
Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
Textbook
To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
Textbook
Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
Textbook
Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin