Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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