Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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