Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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