In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
Textbook
Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
Textbook
A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
Textbook
Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
Textbook
There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
Textbook
Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
Textbook
Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
Textbook
Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
Textbook
An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
Textbook
As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
Textbook
A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
Textbook
The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
Textbook
A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
Textbook
In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
Textbook
Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
Textbook
“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
Textbook
I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
Textbook
Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
Textbook
There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
Textbook
One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
Textbook
Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
Textbook
Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
Textbook
A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
Textbook
While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
Textbook
Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
Textbook
This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
Textbook
The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
Textbook
Calculus. Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical…
Textbook
“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
Textbook
Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
Textbook
Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
Textbook
Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
Textbook
By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
Textbook
In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
Textbook
Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
Textbook
An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
Textbook
A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
Textbook
The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
Textbook
AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
Textbook
Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
Textbook
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Textbook
Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
Textbook
AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
Textbook
The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
Textbook
The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
Textbook
Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
Textbook
A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
Textbook
Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
Textbook
At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
Textbook
The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
Textbook
Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
Textbook
For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
Textbook
DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
Textbook
An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
Textbook
Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
Textbook
In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
Textbook
The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
Textbook
Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
Textbook
In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
Textbook
At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
Textbook