Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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