Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Calculus. Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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