In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Calculus. Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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