An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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In our first signal characterization example, we tackle the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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