Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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Like many other mathematical operations, the derivative and the integral perform inverse operations from each…
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In our first signal characterization example, we tackle the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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