There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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In modern industry, the most popular form of field-level signal transmission for variable industrial…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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