In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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