The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
Textbook
Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
Textbook
As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
Textbook
A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
Textbook
Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
Textbook
pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
Textbook
A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
Textbook
The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
Textbook
Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
Textbook
A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
Textbook
Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
Textbook
The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
Textbook
This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
Textbook
The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
Textbook
Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
Textbook
Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
Textbook
Textbook
In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
Textbook
Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
Textbook
The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
Textbook
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Textbook
As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
Textbook
Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
Textbook
A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
Textbook
Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
Textbook
The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
Textbook
Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
Textbook
In our first signal characterization example, we tackle the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To…
Textbook
Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
Textbook
A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
Textbook
Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin