A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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A flow switch is one that detects the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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