Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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