pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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