Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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