A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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