Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is…
DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic…
A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the…
Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard…
The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to…
A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this:…
As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety…
To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing…
Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on…
Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive…
The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position…
Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using…
AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic…
Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position…
An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a…
The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and…
A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct…
Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of…
In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do…
There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction…
A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading…
Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate,…
The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation…
Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a…
A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART,…
DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process…
A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its…
The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial…
The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of…
Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits…
Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While…
In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical…
The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric…
Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits.…
This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph,…
As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and…
Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one…
The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all…
The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all…
A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the…