An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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