Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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A flow switch is one that detects the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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