A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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