The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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