Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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