Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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A flow switch is one that detects the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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