A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
Textbook
In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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