The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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In modern industry, the most popular form of field-level signal transmission for variable industrial…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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