These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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