An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Calculus. Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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