Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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