An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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