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Self-regulating, Integrating, and Runaway Process Characteristics

Textbook

Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the…

On/off Electric Motor Control Circuits

Textbook

An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a…

Digital Representation of Numerical Data

Textbook

Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of…

Fluid Mechanics

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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change…

Classical Mechanics

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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of…

Material Volume Measurement

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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored…

Molecular Quantities

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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One…

Digital Representation of Text

Textbook

Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given…

Open-ended, Shorted and Properly Terminated Transmission Lines

Textbook

Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I…

Fluorescence Measurement

Textbook

When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the…

Introduction to Calculus

Textbook

Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and…

Polyphase AC Power

Textbook

“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a…

Chemical Reactor Temperature Control Example

Textbook

Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in…

Electronic Structure

Textbook

Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with…

Radio-energy Pulse in Guided-wave Radar Level Measurement

Textbook

The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down…

Level Sensor Accessories

Textbook

Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level…

Root Mean Square (RMS) Quantities

Textbook

It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity…

Analog Signal Conditioning and Referencing

Textbook

Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate,…

Process Flow Diagrams

Textbook

To show a practical process example, let’s examine three…

Teaching Technical Theory

Textbook

Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first…

Directional Overcurrent (67) Protection

Textbook

While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions…

FOUNDATION Fieldbus H1 Protocol Device Configuration and Commissioning

Textbook

Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and…

Dampers and Louvres

Textbook

A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control…

Ions in Liquid Solutions

Textbook

Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent…

Control Valve Actuators

Textbook

The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force…