An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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