A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
Textbook
Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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