Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
Textbook
A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
Textbook
In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
Textbook
The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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