A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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