Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the…
An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a…
Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of…
A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change…
Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of…
A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored…
Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One…
Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given…
Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I…
When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the…
Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and…
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a…
Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in…
Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with…
The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down…
Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level…
It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity…
Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate,…
To show a practical process example, let’s examine three…
Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first…
While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions…
Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and…
A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control…
Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent…
The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force…