Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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A flow switch is one that detects the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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In our first signal characterization example, we tackle the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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