The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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