One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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In our first signal characterization example, we tackle the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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In modern industry, the most popular form of field-level signal transmission for variable industrial…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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