Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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