Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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