Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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