Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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