As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Like many other mathematical operations, the derivative and the integral perform inverse operations from each…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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