A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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