When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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