“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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