The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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A flow switch is one that detects the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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