Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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