When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
Textbook
The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
Textbook
A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
Textbook
Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
Textbook
Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
Textbook
Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
Textbook
An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
Textbook
The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
Textbook
A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
Textbook
A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
Textbook
A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
Textbook
As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
Textbook
An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
Textbook
The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
Textbook
As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
Textbook
Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
Textbook
As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
Textbook
DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
Textbook
At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
Textbook
An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
Textbook
Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
Textbook
It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
Textbook
Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
Textbook
At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
Textbook
DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
Textbook
One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
Textbook
Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
Textbook
Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
Textbook
A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
Textbook
The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
Textbook
A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
Textbook
In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
Textbook
A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
Textbook
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
Textbook
A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
Textbook
The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
Textbook
Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
Textbook
Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
Textbook
Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
Textbook
A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin