(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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