“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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In modern industry, the most popular form of field-level signal transmission for variable industrial…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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