Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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