A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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