While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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A flow switch is one that detects the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Calculus. Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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