A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100…
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids…
Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a…
The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC…
“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate…
To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not…
As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and…
Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental…
Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position…
The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration…
The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment…
Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to…
Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square…
As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere…
One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are…
A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the…
Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as…
Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject…
The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater…
Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the…
At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to…
A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any…
Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate,…
It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity…
Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types:…
Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition…
Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the…
Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive…
Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related…
An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for…
Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square…
Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and…
A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for…
The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down…
The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult…
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a…
Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad…
The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass…
The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in…
