First and foremost, you need to get your very own PLC to work with.…
In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have…
As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety…
Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is…
It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog…
Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to…
A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is…
A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART,…
The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical…
Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic…
This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph,…
Control valves are subject to a number of common problems. This…
An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a…
Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level…
Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require…
An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit…
Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit…
One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s…
Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the…
Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a…
A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading…
RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the…
One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying…
Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with…
Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic…
Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the…
Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy…
At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols…
Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The…
Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic…
Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position…
DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic…
As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment…
As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety…
So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and…
When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I…
Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those…
Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified…
Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to…
A very helpful method for understanding the operation of proportional,…
