A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of…
A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass…
Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to…
The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult…
Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving…
An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for…
Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to…
When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they…
Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a…
Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the…
AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic…
Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam…
Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as…
These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design…
A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to…
One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are…
Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with…
The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to…
Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One…
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a…
The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical…
Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will…
Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs…
“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy…
Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits…
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it…
Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While…
The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in…
The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater…
An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a…
Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations…
An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a…
These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design…
A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components…
Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the…
Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given…
A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change…
Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic…
Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is…