Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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