Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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