Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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Calculus. Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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