As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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A flow switch is one that detects the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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