The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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A flow switch is one that detects the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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