A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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