The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Like many other mathematical operations, the derivative and the integral perform inverse operations from each…
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In modern industry, the most popular form of field-level signal transmission for variable industrial…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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