As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and…
By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system,…
A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is…
The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in…
Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive…
Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which…
A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is…
Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one…
pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid…
A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called…
Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating…
The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical…
A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is…
The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass…
There are many process control applications in the industry where it…
One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing…
Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving…
The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric…
Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all…
A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a…
A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC…
In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is…
A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring…
The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force…
Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow…
Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for…
Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject…
Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed…
A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure.…
Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid…
Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as…
One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying…
Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job…
A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of…
Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving…
In some process applications, it is important that the control valve…
All substances are comprised of various elements in various…
A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe.…
Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in…
A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the…
So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and…
A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC…
A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct…
In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates…
