A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is…
The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in…
As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and…
By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system,…
In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have…
Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either…
Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating…
An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer…
The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and…
Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop…
A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC…
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within…
As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the…
The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass…
One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to…
As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the…
Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While…
When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they…
Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition…
Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function…
Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square…
Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level…
Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits…
pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid…
A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some…
Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net…
Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here,…
Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for…
Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function…
A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this:…
A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any…
The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or…
Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to…
While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions…
Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow…
There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an…
Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by…
Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to…
A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract…
In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the…
Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very…
Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the…
Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving…
Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to…
