A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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