As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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