The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
Textbook
A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
Textbook
By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
Textbook
As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
Textbook
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
Textbook
The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
Textbook
Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
Textbook
A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
Textbook
Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
Textbook
Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
Textbook
Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
Textbook
Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
Textbook
A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
Textbook
A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
Textbook
A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
Textbook
Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
Textbook
The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
Textbook
Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
Textbook
Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
Textbook
AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
Textbook
Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
Textbook
Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
Textbook
A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
Textbook
Like many other mathematical operations, the derivative and the integral perform inverse operations from each…
Textbook
Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
Textbook
The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
Textbook
When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
Textbook
Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
Textbook
The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
Textbook
All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
Textbook
While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
Textbook
A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
Textbook
The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
Textbook
In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
Textbook
Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
Textbook
Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
Textbook
Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
Textbook
In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
Textbook
Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
Textbook
A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
Textbook
Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
Textbook
“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
Textbook
A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
Textbook
“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin