A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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