As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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Like many other mathematical operations, the derivative and the integral perform inverse operations from each…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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