In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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