Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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