Chemiluminescence Measurement

Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…

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Chromatography: Methods, Detectors and Species

Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…

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Control Valve Actuators

The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…

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Mechanical Vibration Switches

A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…

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Thermistors and Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTDs)

One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…

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Supervisory Control

In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…

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Heuristic PID Tuning Procedures

In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…

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Mathematical Problem-solving Techniques

Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…

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Digital PID Algorithms

Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…

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Basic Feedback Control Principles

Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…

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Basics of pH Measurement in Industrial Control

Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…

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Legal Code

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…

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Energy in Chemical Reactions

A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…

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References

Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…

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Classical Mechanics

Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…

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Indicators, Recorders, Process Switches and Alarms

So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…

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Derivative (Rate) Control

The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…

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Vibration Physics

One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…

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Common Diagnostic Mistakes in Control Systems

Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…

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Basic Components Common to all Radio Systems

“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…

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