Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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