An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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