Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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