Proximity Switches

A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…

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What is Hydrostatic Pressure?

A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…

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Non-contact Temperature Sensors

Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…

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Problem-solving by Simplification

A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…

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Material Volume Measurement

A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…

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AC Motor Braking

There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…

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On/off Control (Bang-bang Control)

Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…

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Weight-based Level Measurement

Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…

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Calibration Procedures in Linear, Non-Linear and Discrete Instruments

As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…

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Instrument Turndown (Rangedown)

An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…

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Techniques for Analyzing Control Strategies

Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…

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Rotating Phasor in Three-dimensional Form

The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…

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Motives for Compromising the Security of an Industrial Control System

There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…

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Function Block Diagram (FBD) Programming

(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)

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Common Diagnostic Mistakes in Control Systems

Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…

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Introduction to Power System Automation

Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…

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Introduction to Calculus

Calculus. Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical…

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Ladder Diagram (LD) Programming Contacts and Coils

In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…

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Transformer Basics and Principles of Operation

The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…

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Electrical Sensors: Potential Transformers (PTs) and Current Transformers (CTs)

The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…

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