Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Calculus. Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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