Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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