As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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