A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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