Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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A flow switch is one that detects the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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