An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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