Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
Textbook
Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
Textbook
An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
Textbook
An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
Textbook
At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
Textbook
Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
Textbook
A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
Textbook
Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
Textbook
In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
Textbook
I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
Textbook
Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
Textbook
These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
Textbook
The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
Textbook
Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
Textbook
Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
Textbook
“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
Textbook
There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
Textbook
Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
Textbook
Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
Textbook
One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
Textbook
An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
Textbook
Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
Textbook
Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
Textbook
This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
Textbook
Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
Textbook
A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
Textbook
Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
Textbook
An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
Textbook
One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
Textbook
The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
Textbook
To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
Textbook
Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
Textbook
I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
Textbook
Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
Textbook
Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
Textbook
Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
Textbook
Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
Textbook
A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
Textbook
In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
Textbook
Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
Textbook