Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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