Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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In modern industry, the most popular form of field-level signal transmission for variable industrial…
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A flow switch is one that detects the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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