There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an…
In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates…
Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I…
The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in…
One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to…
Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than…
A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to…
At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols…
An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the…
Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving…
An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973,…
A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of…
Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one…
In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have…
A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the…
These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design…
Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While…
Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the…
Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy…
I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering…
Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on…
Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long…
A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves…
Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial…
There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an…
Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many…
In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation…
A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for…
At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to…
A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC…
Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and…
The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to…
Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function…
Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position…
To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not…
Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all…
Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a…
An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a…
The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial…
A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is…