As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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