Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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In modern industry, the most popular form of field-level signal transmission for variable industrial…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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