Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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