Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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