Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Calculus. Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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