Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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