(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Like many other mathematical operations, the derivative and the integral perform inverse operations from each…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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