Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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