A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Learn about Modbus function codes, the structure of Modbus message packets, and the various types of channels used to transmit Modbus telegrams between controllers.
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
Textbook
A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Like many other mathematical operations, the derivative and the integral perform inverse operations from each…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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