Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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