The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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