Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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