Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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