Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the…
A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components…
Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level…
The advent of “smart” field instruments containing…
PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief…
The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force…
A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring…
An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the…
Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all…
One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s…
The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in…
There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal…
A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of…
There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an…
Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic…
The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater…
One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to…
Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using…
Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than…
Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the…
Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the…
Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as…
Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the…
The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical…
One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing…
I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering…
Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process…
Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs…
Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on…
Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental…
So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and…
Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those…
An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it…
Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with…
A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is…
DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic…
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in…
Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad…
Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and…