Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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