A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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