Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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Calculus. Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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