Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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