Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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