Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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In modern industry, the most popular form of field-level signal transmission for variable industrial…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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Calculus. Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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Like many other mathematical operations, the derivative and the integral perform inverse operations from each…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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