The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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A flow switch is one that detects the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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Like many other mathematical operations, the derivative and the integral perform inverse operations from each…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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