Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Like many other mathematical operations, the derivative and the integral perform inverse operations from each…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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