Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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