An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
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