In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world…
Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The…
Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While…
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job…
The advent of “smart” field instruments containing…
Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard…
Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here,…
The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in…
An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a…
There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal…
Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic…
Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and…
One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to…
The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force…
A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this:…
The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater…
So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and…
Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate,…
A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100…
Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid…
Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net…
The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain…
Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in…
The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the…
Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very…
Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the…
At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols…
So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and…
A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored…
One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are…
As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and…
Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to…
An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a…
Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the…
For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of…
A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only…
Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed…
Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to…
At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to…
