Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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In modern industry, the most popular form of field-level signal transmission for variable industrial…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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Calculus. Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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