Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Calculus. Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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