In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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