Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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