Practical PID Controller Features

In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…

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Controller Output Current Loops

The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…

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A Comparison of PID Controller Tuning Techniques

In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…

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the Negative Consequences of Poor PID Controller Tuning

Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…

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Controller Output Current Loops

The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…

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Weight-based Level Measurement

Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…

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What is Electrical Power?

Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…

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Material Volume Measurement

A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…

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Pressure Sensor Accessories

Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…

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Limit Switches

A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…

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Diagnosing Feedback Control Problems

Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…

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Instrument and Process Equipment Symbols

This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…

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Advantages and Disadvantages of Pneumatic Instruments

The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…

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Memory Maps and I/O Addressing

A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…

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Calibration Procedures in Linear, Non-Linear and Discrete Instruments

As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…

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A Comparison of PID Controller Tuning Techniques

In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…

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4-wire “Passive” Versus “Active” Output Transmitters

Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…

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Cascade Control

A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…

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Learn Fundamental Principles, not Procedures

“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…

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New Content

Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…

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Analog Electronic PID Controllers

Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…

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Policy-based Fortifications

These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…

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Introduction to Optical Analysis

Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…

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Design-based Fortifications

A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…

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