Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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