The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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