Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
Textbook
In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
Textbook
In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
Textbook
The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
Textbook
Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
Textbook
The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
Textbook
Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
Textbook
Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
Textbook
The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
Textbook
What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
Textbook
Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
Textbook
Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
Textbook
Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
Textbook
Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
Textbook
A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
Textbook
Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
Textbook
This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
Textbook
As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
Textbook
Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
Textbook
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