“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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