Basic Components Common to all Radio Systems

“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…

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Basic Components Common to all Radio Systems

“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…

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The International System of Units

The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…

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Introduction to Protective Relaying

Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…

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Instruction List (IL) Programming

(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)

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Valve Packing

Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…

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Solenoid Valves

A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…

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Understanding the Calculus Concepts of Differentiation and Integration

The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…

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2-wire (“loop-powered”) Transmitter Current Loops

It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…

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Level Sensor Accessories

Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…

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the Negative Consequences of Poor PID Controller Tuning

Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…

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Digital PID Algorithms

Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…

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Material Volume Measurement

A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…

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Non-dispersive Luft Detector Spectroscopy

Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…

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Kirchhoff’s Current and Voltage Laws

Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…

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Common Control Valve Problems

Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…

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How to Teach Yourself PLC Programming

Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…

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FOUNDATION Fieldbus H1 Protocol Data Link Layer

Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…

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National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Traceability

As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…

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Pneumatic PID Controllers

A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…

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Metric Prefixes and Prefix Scale

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