“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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