“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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