“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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