Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
Textbook
Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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A flow switch is one that detects the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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