An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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