Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the…
An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973,…
Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one…
At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols…
Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While…
A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of…
In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have…
An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973,…
These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design…
Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving…
There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an…
Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than…
The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in…
I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering…
Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the…
In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates…
Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I…
Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy…
One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to…
A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to…
A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the…
An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the…
Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of…
Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the…
A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules…
Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square…
An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the…
There are many process control applications in the industry where it…
A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control…
The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation…
A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract…
Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad…
An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit…
Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related…
A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called…
Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for…
Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and…
The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC…
Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the…
These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design…
Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental…
In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical…
