Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
Textbook
An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
Textbook
Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
Textbook
“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
Textbook
Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
Textbook
In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
Textbook
Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
Textbook
There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
Textbook
The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
Textbook
Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
Textbook
One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
Textbook
As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
Textbook
In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
Textbook
A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
Textbook
In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
Textbook
A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
Textbook
An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
Textbook
There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
Textbook
Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
Textbook
Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
Textbook
Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
Textbook
Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
Textbook
Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
Textbook
Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
Textbook
Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
Textbook
One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
Textbook
A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
Textbook
One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
Textbook
When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
Textbook
Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
Textbook
A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
Textbook
Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
Textbook
Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
Textbook
Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
Textbook
One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
Textbook
Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
Textbook
The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
Textbook
Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
Textbook
There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
Textbook
A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
Textbook
I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
Textbook
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin