An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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A flow switch is one that detects the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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