An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Learn about Modbus function codes, the structure of Modbus message packets, and the various types of channels used to transmit Modbus telegrams between controllers.
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Learn about Modbus function codes, the structure of Modbus message packets, and the various types of channels used to transmit Modbus telegrams between controllers.
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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