Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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