Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
Textbook
An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
Textbook
A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
Textbook
Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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