An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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In our first signal characterization example, we tackle the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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