An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
Textbook
The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Calculus. Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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A flow switch is one that detects the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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