Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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