An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Calculus. Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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A flow switch is one that detects the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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