AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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