In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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