Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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