A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this:…
A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the…
A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct…
Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for…
To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing…
DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic…
Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the…
As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety…
Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard…
Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on…
Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is…
In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical…
Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit…
AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic…
The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to…
Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive…
The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force…
The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position…
There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction…
Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using…
Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types:…
Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical…
DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic…
Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed…
Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe.…
In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world…
Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related…
The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass…
The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which…
Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition…
A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the…
The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and…
While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions…
A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a…
In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates…
Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to…
A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the…
The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric…
In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation…
An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer…
