The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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