Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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