Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is…
A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART,…
There are many process control applications in the industry where it…
In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is…
As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the…
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the…
“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy…
The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass…
While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions…
Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the…
Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job…
The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in…
The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and…
Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and…
The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration…
Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than…
As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and…
Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one…
Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit…
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a…
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within…
A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this:…
Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of…
A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored…
While the term “probability” may evoke images of…
Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a…
The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of…
A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some…
A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This…
An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for…
Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many…
By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system,…
A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure.…
Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for…
A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any…
Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and…
A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the…
The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult…
Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job…
Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern:…
