Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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