A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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