Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
Textbook
An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
Textbook
Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
Textbook
“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
Textbook
The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
Textbook
Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
Textbook
Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
Textbook
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
Textbook
The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
Textbook
Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
Textbook
While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
Textbook
One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
Textbook
As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
Textbook
Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
Textbook
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
Textbook
Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
Textbook
Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
Textbook
Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
Textbook
An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
Textbook
As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
Textbook
Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
Textbook
Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
Textbook
Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
Textbook
Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
Textbook
Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
Textbook
One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
Textbook
Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
Textbook
Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
Textbook
The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
Textbook
AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
Textbook
An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
Textbook
In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
Textbook
Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
Textbook
An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
Textbook
The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
Textbook
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
Textbook
Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
Textbook
A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
Textbook
All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
Textbook
The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin