An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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