Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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