The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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