The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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In our first signal characterization example, we tackle the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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