The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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