In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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