Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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