In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
Textbook
In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
Textbook
The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
Textbook
Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
Textbook
Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
Textbook
By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
Textbook
Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
Textbook
Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
Textbook
pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
Textbook
This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
Textbook
DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
Textbook
Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
Textbook
Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
Textbook
Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
Textbook
A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
Textbook
Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
Textbook
Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
Textbook
A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
Textbook
Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
Textbook
An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
Textbook
RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
Textbook
Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
Textbook
A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
Textbook
An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin