In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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