The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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