The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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