The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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