In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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