An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
Textbook
Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
Textbook
Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
Textbook
Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
Textbook
In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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