I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering…
A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the…
One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to…
An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973,…
Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While…
A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of…
“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate…
An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the…
Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy…
Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy…
These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design…
The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in…
Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than…
In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates…
At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols…
Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving…
An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the…
Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the…
Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one…
There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an…
In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have…
A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of…
I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering…
An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973,…
Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I…
Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While…
One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to…
A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the…
An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a…
Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all…
In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation…
A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only…
One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to…
Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While…
There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal…
Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one…
Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the…
A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called…
Potential transformers step voltage up or down to prioritize…
Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level…
There are many process control applications in the industry where it…
A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is…
A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC…
As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment…
A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a…
In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical…
One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring…
Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle…
