A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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