I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
Textbook
Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
Textbook
An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
Textbook
In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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In modern industry, the most popular form of field-level signal transmission for variable industrial…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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