“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate…
Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While…
A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of…
Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy…
An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973,…
An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the…
One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to…
A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the…
I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering…
An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the…
In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have…
In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates…
An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973,…
One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to…
I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering…
The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in…
A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to…
A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of…
A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the…
Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one…
These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design…
Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than…
Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving…
Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the…
At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols…
Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I…
Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While…
There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an…
Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy…
Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate,…
Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process…
Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to…
There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal…
An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a…
To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not…
The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater…
A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called…
Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those…
Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified…
Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle…
Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require…
A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a…
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the…
The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation…
A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure.…
Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position…
When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the…
Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet)…
It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog…
