A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
Textbook
A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
Textbook
A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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