Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
Textbook
There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
Textbook
There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
Textbook
I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
Textbook
Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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A flow switch is one that detects the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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