One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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In our first signal characterization example, we tackle the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To…
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A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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