An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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A flow switch is one that detects the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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