An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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