RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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