RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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Calculus. Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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