RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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