RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
Textbook
Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
Textbook
When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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