The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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Calculus. Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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In our first signal characterization example, we tackle the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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