The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
Textbook
Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
Textbook
A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
Textbook
One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
Textbook
A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
Textbook
One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
Textbook
The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
Textbook
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
Textbook
As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
Textbook
There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
Textbook
The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
Textbook
Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
Textbook
Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
Textbook
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
Textbook
All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
Textbook
RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
Textbook
There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
Textbook
By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
Textbook
As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
Textbook
To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
Textbook
A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
Textbook
Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
Textbook
A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
Textbook
Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
Textbook
The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
Textbook
An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
Textbook
For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
Textbook
Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
Textbook
A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
Textbook
Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
Textbook
Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
Textbook
Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
Textbook
Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
Textbook
At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
Textbook
An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
Textbook
It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
Textbook
Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
Textbook
Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
Textbook
A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
Textbook
Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
Textbook
Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
Textbook
Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
Textbook
In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
Textbook
The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
Textbook
Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
Textbook
A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
Textbook
Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
Textbook
Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
Textbook
Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
Textbook
Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
Textbook
Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
Textbook
A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin