As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
Textbook
The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
Textbook
The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
Textbook
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
Textbook
A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
Textbook
A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
Textbook
Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
Textbook
There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
Textbook
Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
Textbook
The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
Textbook
One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
Textbook
One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
Textbook
An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
Textbook
Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
Textbook
Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
Textbook
A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
Textbook
In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
Textbook
An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
Textbook
Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
Textbook
An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
Textbook
Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
Textbook
There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
Textbook
An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
Textbook
Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
Textbook
A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
Textbook
A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
Textbook
To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
Textbook
Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
Textbook
So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
Textbook
Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
Textbook
Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
Textbook
The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
Textbook
The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
Textbook
A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
Textbook
Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
Textbook
In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
Textbook
Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
Textbook
The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
Textbook
An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
Textbook
A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
Textbook
A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
Textbook
An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
Textbook
What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
Textbook
Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
Textbook
Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
Textbook
Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
Textbook
Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
Textbook
A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
Textbook
In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
Textbook
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Textbook
A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
Textbook
The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
Textbook