The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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In modern industry, the most popular form of field-level signal transmission for variable industrial…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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In our first signal characterization example, we tackle the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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