One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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In our first signal characterization example, we tackle the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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