A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to…
There are many process control applications in the industry where it…
The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater…
The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down…
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By…
Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types:…
A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors…
Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow…
One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are…
As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety…
The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass…
One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to…
One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s…
An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit…
A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading…
A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any…
This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but…
Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net…
The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical…
One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying…
As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the…
Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as…
Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all…
Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam…
pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid…
This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in…
A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC…
One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are…
A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This…
To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to…
When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the…
Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The…
Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and…
Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here,…
The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force…
It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog…
The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or…
Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position…
As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and…
An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a…
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC…
Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits.…
Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation…
In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is…
The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in…
Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of…
There are many process control applications in the industry where it…
Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related…
Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a…
There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal…
Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate…
