One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are…
One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to…
There are many process control applications in the industry where it…
The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass…
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By…
As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety…
Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow…
A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors…
The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down…
A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to…
Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types:…
The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater…
Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a…
All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in…
A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring…
First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and…
Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types:…
One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where…
Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for…
“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate…
Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle…
A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch…
As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and…
The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force…
An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a…
Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than…
A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored…
The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to…
“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but…
The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or…
Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit…
A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to…
Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving…
A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the…
Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition…
Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the…
Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all…
Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern:…
A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly…
Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process…
A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids…
In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world…
An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a…
Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either…
A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass…
Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard…
The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down…
As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability…
Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations…
Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow…
Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as…