Latest Automotive Education

Categories

Vibration Physics

Textbook

One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are…

Digital Data Communication Theory

Textbook

One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to…

Split-range Control

Textbook

There are many process control applications in the industry where it…

Velocity-based Flowmeters

Textbook

The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass…

Legal Code

Textbook

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By…

High-reliability Control Systems

Textbook

As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety…

True Mass Flowmeters

Textbook

Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow…

Mechanical Vibration Switches

Textbook

A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors…

Radio-energy Pulse in Guided-wave Radar Level Measurement

Textbook

The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down…

What are Simple Machines?

Textbook

A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to…

Vibration Sensors

Textbook

Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types:…

Vibration Monitoring Hardware

Textbook

The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater…

Basics of Electrical Current

Textbook

Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a…

Pressure-based Flowmeters

Textbook

All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in…

Memory Maps and I/O Addressing

Textbook

A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring…

How Derivatives and Integrals Relate to One Another

Textbook

First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and…

Vibration Sensors

Textbook

Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types:…

Metric Prefixes and Prefix Scale

Textbook

Thermistors and Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTDs)

Textbook

One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where…

Pipe and Pipe Fittings

Textbook

Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for…

Basic Components Common to all Radio Systems

Textbook

“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate…

Pilot Valves and Pneumatic Amplifying Relays

Textbook

Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle…

Hand Switches and Stackable Switches

Textbook

A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch…

Calibration Standards to Produce and Measure Physical Quantities

Textbook

As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and…

Control Valve Actuators

Textbook

The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force…

On/off Electric Motor Control Circuits

Textbook

An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a…

Formulae for Common Chemical Compounds

Textbook

Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than…

Material Volume Measurement

Textbook

A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored…

Controller Output Current Loops

Textbook

The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to…

Learn Fundamental Principles, not Procedures

Textbook

“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but…

Process and Instrument Diagrams

Textbook

The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or…

Phasors, Phase Shift and Phasor Algebra

Textbook

Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit…

Ultrasonic (Sound) Echo Level Measurement

Textbook

A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to…

Input/Output (I/O) Capabilities of PLCs

Textbook

Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving…

What is Hydrostatic Pressure?

Textbook

A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the…

Resistance, Reactance and Impedance

Textbook

Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition…

FOUNDATION Fieldbus H1 Protocol Physical Layer

Textbook

Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the…

Human-Machine Interfaces (HMIs)

Textbook

Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all…

FOUNDATION Fieldbus H1 Protocol Segment Troubleshooting

Textbook

Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern:…

Analytical Measurements of Chemical Compositions

Textbook

A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly…

References

Textbook

Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process…

Metering Pumps

Textbook

A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids…

Analog to Digital Conversion and ADCs

Textbook

In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world…

On/off Electric Motor Control Circuits

Textbook

An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a…

Common Control Valve Problems

Textbook

Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either…

Positive Displacement Flowmeters

Textbook

A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass…

Logic Programming in PLCs

Textbook

Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard…

Radio-energy Pulse in Guided-wave Radar Level Measurement

Textbook

The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down…

Feedforward with Dynamic Compensation

Textbook

As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability…

New Content

Textbook

Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations…

True Mass Flowmeters

Textbook

Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow…

Overpressure Protection Devices

Textbook

Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as…