As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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