The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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Calculus. Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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