Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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