Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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