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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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