Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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