P, I, and D Responses Graphed

Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…

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Continuous Float Level Transmitters

Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…

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Interconnected Generators

Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…

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Understanding the Calculus Concepts of Differentiation and Integration

The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…

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Common Diagnostic Mistakes in Control Systems

Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…

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Ratio Control

Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…

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Classical Mechanics

Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…

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Fundamental Principles of Industrial Instrumentation

Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…

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Temperature Sensor Accessories

One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…

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the Negative Consequences of Poor PID Controller Tuning

Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…

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Periodic Table of the Ions

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Vibration Monitoring Hardware

The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…

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Applications of Spectroscopy for Analytical Measurement

Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…

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Material Volume Measurement

A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…

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Digital PID Algorithms

Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…

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Null-balance Voltage Measurement

A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…

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AC Motor Speed Control

AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…

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Derivative (Rate) Control

The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…

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Chemical Reactor Temperature Control Example

Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…

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Instrument Turndown (Rangedown)

An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…

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