Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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In our first signal characterization example, we tackle the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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