A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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A flow switch is one that detects the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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