One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
Textbook
pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
Textbook
Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
Textbook
A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
Textbook
An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
Textbook
A flow switch is one that detects the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
Textbook
A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
Textbook
Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
Textbook
A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
Textbook
In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
Textbook
Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
Textbook
The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
Textbook
To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
Textbook
The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
Textbook
Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
Textbook
The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
Textbook
Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
Textbook
When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
Textbook
A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
Textbook
Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin