Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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