A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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