One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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In modern industry, the most popular form of field-level signal transmission for variable industrial…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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