Proper Care and Feeding of Pneumatic Instruments

Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…

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Boiler Water Level Control System Example

Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…

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Electronic Structure

Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…

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Standardized Volumetric Flow

The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…

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Vibration Physics

One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…

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Basics of pH Measurement in Industrial Control

Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…

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Teaching Diagnostic Principles and Practices

Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…

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Policy-based Fortifications

These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…

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Relation Control

A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…

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Control Valve Characterization

Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…

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Dispersive Spectroscopy

The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…

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Derivative (Rate) Control

The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…

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4-wire (“self-powered”) Transmitter Current Loops

DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…

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Open-ended, Shorted, and Properly Terminated Transmission Lines

Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…

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Circuit Failure Analysis

Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…

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Common Control Valve Problems

Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…

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Pilot Valves and Pneumatic Amplifying Relays

Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…

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Quantitative PID Tuning Procedures

A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…

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Valve Failure Modes

An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…

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Process Flow Diagrams

To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…

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