Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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