DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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