Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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