Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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