A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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