An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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