Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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Calculus. Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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