An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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