As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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