Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Like many other mathematical operations, the derivative and the integral perform inverse operations from each…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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