Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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