Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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