Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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