One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
Textbook
The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
Textbook
When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
Textbook
A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
Textbook
Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
Textbook
Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
Textbook
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
Textbook
The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
Textbook
Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
Textbook
This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
Textbook
An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
Textbook
In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
Textbook
Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
Textbook
The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
Textbook
A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
Textbook
Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
Textbook
The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
Textbook
A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
Textbook
Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
Textbook
Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
Textbook
Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
Textbook
Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
Textbook
Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
Textbook
The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
Textbook
Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
Textbook
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
Textbook
Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
Textbook
An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
Textbook
pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
Textbook
Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
Textbook
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Textbook
Calculus. Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical…
Textbook
The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
Textbook
In our first signal characterization example, we tackle the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To…
Textbook
All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
Textbook
An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
Textbook
When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
Textbook
Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
Textbook
Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
Textbook
Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin