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Electromagnetism Basics

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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric…

Velocity-based Flowmeters

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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass…

Vibration Sensors

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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types:…

Comparison of Op-Amp Circuits With Analogous Pneumatic Mechanisms

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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to…

Active Reading and Outlining Documentation

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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving…

Metric Prefixes and Prefix Scale

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High-reliability Control Systems

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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety…

Basic Feedback Control Principles

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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on…

Tube and Tube Fittings

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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed…

The s Variable: Euler’s Relation and Phasor Expressions of Waveforms

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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any…

Ladder Diagram (LD) Programming Contacts and Coils

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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is…

Pneumatic Sensing Elements

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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism…

Zero and Span Adjustments (Analog Instruments)

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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to…

FOUNDATION Fieldbus Design Philosophy

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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other…

Filled-bulb Temperature Sensors

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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to…

Controller Output Current Loops

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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to…

Flow Measurement from Differential Pressure

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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe.…

Energy in Chemical Reactions

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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called…

Dispersive Spectroscopy

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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all…

Common Control Valve Problems

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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either…

Circuit Failure Analysis

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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess…

Practical Measures of Reliability

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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the…

Velocity-based Flowmeters

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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass…

Periodic Table of the Elements

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All substances are comprised of various elements in various…

Proper Care and Feeding of Pneumatic Instruments

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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic…

Wastewater Disinfection Example

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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the…

Glossary of Cyber-security Terms

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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy…

Relay Circuits and Ladder Diagrams

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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic…

EIA/TIA-232, 422, and 485 Networks

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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in…

On/off Control (Bang-bang Control)

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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry,…

What is Hydrostatic Pressure?

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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the…

Laser Spectroscopy

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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only…

References

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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process…

Radiative Temperature Measurement

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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad…

Proportional-only Offset

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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its…

Directional Overcurrent (67) Protection

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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions…

Positive Displacement Flowmeters

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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass…

Limit, Selector, and Override Controls

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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal…

Proximity Switches

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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some…

Safety Gas Analyzers

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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for…