An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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