In modern industry, the most popular form of field-level signal transmission for variable industrial…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Calculus. Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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