This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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