It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity…
As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety…
Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good…
The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic…
An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it…
The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain…
In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do…
Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition…
Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations…
The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical…
Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors…
This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in…
An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement…
A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100…
The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration…
A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for…
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By…
A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure.…
Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a…
The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all…
When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I…
A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its…
Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to…
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading…
Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a…
To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to…
Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as…
At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to…
The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in…
When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they…
Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern:…
Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the…
DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic…
The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical…
Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed…
Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of…
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within…
The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial…