Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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A flow switch is one that detects the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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