(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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