A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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