Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid…
Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject…
One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where…
As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety…
A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a…
Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the…
Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism…
An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a…
A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the…
The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which…
Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the…
In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical…
Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is…
Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to…
In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world…
In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates…
These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design…
A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the…
Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop…
Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating…
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as…
In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how…
Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid…
Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position…
When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I…
When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they…
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract…
An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an…
pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid…
A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its…
A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the…
A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the…
Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation…
Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam…
Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs…
Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of…
A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called…
One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to…
