A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its…
While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions…
The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC…
Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject…
To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to…
A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100…
These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design…
“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy…
The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater…
Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry,…
It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity…
Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess…
Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by…
A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control…
Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic…
Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit…
Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad…
Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam…
The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and…
A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of…
A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for…
Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by…
One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying…
In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is…
Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with…
A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to…
There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an…
Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of…
To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to…
One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where…
Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess…
Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam…
This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph,…
Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy…
In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical…
The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which…
Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those…
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By…
In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the…
