Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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In our first signal characterization example, we tackle the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
Textbook
Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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