Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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A flow switch is one that detects the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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