Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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In our first signal characterization example, we tackle the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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