In modern industry, the most popular form of field-level signal transmission for variable industrial…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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In our first signal characterization example, we tackle the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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