An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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