Distance (21) Protection

A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…

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Phasors, Phase Shift, and Phasor Algebra

Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…

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Metric Prefixes and Prefix Scale

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Energy in Chemical Reactions

A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…

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Interconnected Generators

Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…

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4-wire “Passive” Versus “Active” Output Transmitters

Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…

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Radio-energy Pulse in Guided-wave Radar Level Measurement

The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…

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Mechanical Vibration Switches

A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…

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Fluid Power Systems

Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…

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Troubleshooting Current Loops

A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…

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High-reliability Control Systems

As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…

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Human-Machine Interfaces (HMIs)

Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…

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Motives for Compromising the Security of an Industrial Control System

There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…

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Interposing Relays in PLCs

In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…

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Thermistors and Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTDs)

One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…

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Instrument and Process Equipment Symbols

This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…

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WirelessHART Radio Communication Standard

An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…

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Insertion Flowmeters

This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…

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Principles, not Procedures

One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…

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Teaching Technical Theory

Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…

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