Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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