Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Like many other mathematical operations, the derivative and the integral perform inverse operations from each…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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