Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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