Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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Like many other mathematical operations, the derivative and the integral perform inverse operations from each…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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