The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to…
In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do…
Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control.…
In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation…
Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical…
A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure.…
Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job…
Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to…
“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate…
In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world…
To show a practical process example, let’s examine three…
Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by…
The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down…
The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic…
All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in…
A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of…
There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an…
Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on…
Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in…
The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all…
Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good…
A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only…
Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the…
A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading…
An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer…
Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed…
Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net…
A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a…
Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control.…
As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and…
A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring…
Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to…
Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop…
As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability…
Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to…
A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch…
A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors…
The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial…
There are many process control applications in the industry where it…
Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern:…
A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of…
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within…
Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject…
So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and…
