Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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Calculus. Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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