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Controller Output Current Loops

Textbook

The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to…

the Negative Consequences of Poor PID Controller Tuning

Textbook

Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control.…

Practical PID Controller Features

Textbook

In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do…

A Comparison of PID Controller Tuning Techniques

Textbook

In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation…

Pneumatic PID Controllers

Textbook

A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a…

What is Internet Protocol (IP)?

Textbook

I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering…

Active Reading and Outlining Documentation

Textbook

Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving…

Human-Machine Interfaces (HMIs)

Textbook

Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all…

An Analogy for Calibration Vs Ranging

Textbook

The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult…

Filled-bulb Temperature Sensors

Textbook

Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to…

Chemiluminescence Measurement

Textbook

Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net…

Introduction to Power System Automation

Textbook

Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within…

FOUNDATION Fieldbus H1 Protocol Physical Layer

Textbook

Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the…

Practical Measures of Reliability

Textbook

In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the…

Radiative Temperature Measurement

Textbook

Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad…

Variable-area Flowmeters

Textbook

An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a…

Wastewater Disinfection Example

Textbook

The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the…

Instrument Identification Tags

Textbook

Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation…

Instrument Turndown (Rangedown)

Textbook

An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is…

Feedforward with Dynamic Compensation

Textbook

As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability…

Force-balance Pressure Transmitters

Textbook

An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement…

Learn Fundamental Principles, not Procedures

Textbook

“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but…

Control Valve Characterization

Textbook

Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of…

Proximity Switches

Textbook

A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some…

Open-ended, Shorted and Properly Terminated Transmission Lines

Textbook

Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I…

Atomic Theory and Chemical Symbols

Textbook

The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all…

Transmitter Damping Adjustments

Textbook

The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and…

Relating 4 to 20 mA Signals to Instrument Variables

Textbook

A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100…

Practical PID Controller Features

Textbook

In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do…

The Basics of Control Relays

Textbook

An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an…

National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Traceability

Textbook

As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment…

Level Sensor Accessories

Textbook

Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level…

Applications of Spectroscopy for Analytical Measurement

Textbook

Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental…

Using Manometers for Measuring Pressure

Textbook

A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a…

Pressure-based Flowmeters

Textbook

All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in…

Dimensional Analysis

Textbook

An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit…

Tube and Tube Fittings

Textbook

Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed…

Human-Machine Interfaces (HMIs)

Textbook

Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all…

DC Motor Speed Control

Textbook

DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic…

Insertion Flowmeters

Textbook

This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but…

Polyphase AC Power

Textbook

“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a…

Continuous Float Level Transmitters

Textbook

Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with…

Displacement and Displacer Level Instrumentation

Textbook

Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to…

Introduction to Power System Automation

Textbook

Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within…