In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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