The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to…
In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation…
Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control.…
In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do…
pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid…
One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring…
A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a…
As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the…
The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial…
Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice.…
The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional…
Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal…
Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid…
There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal…
Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial…
Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern:…
So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and…
Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is…
Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to…
Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs…
Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a…
A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors…
In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how…
To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other…
Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square…
The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and…
The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation…
The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain…
Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe.…
The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in…
I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering…
Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on…
A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a…
An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is…
Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to…
A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe.…
To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not…
Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net…
Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow…
A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the…
Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in…
Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation…
Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop…
Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one…
