In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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