In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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A flow switch is one that detects the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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