The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to…
In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do…
In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation…
Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control.…
Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy…
The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional…
So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and…
Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of…
Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice.…
A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a…
A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a…
A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of…
“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy…
In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the…
A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only…
Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive…
Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related…
Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop…
A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored…
Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position…
The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration…
Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than…
A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly…
In some process applications, it is important that the control valve…
The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC…
Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause much confusion…
An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an…
An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit…
A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its…
A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is…
Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process…
A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This…
The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment…
Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I…
Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related…
A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC…
The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass…
An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is…
To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to…
Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed…
As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the…
One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing…
Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits.…
