In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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A flow switch is one that detects the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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