In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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In our first signal characterization example, we tackle the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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