Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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In modern industry, the most popular form of field-level signal transmission for variable industrial…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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