Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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