Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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