“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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In our first signal characterization example, we tackle the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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