A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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