A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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A flow switch is one that detects the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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