Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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